Phrase is set of words which play their role in the sentence formation. Link between parts of a sentence is not set by words solely, but real link is defined by the kind of PHRASES as well. For example, relation in attributive phrase is attributive one. There are other PHRASES where relations between the constituting words or morphemes are of adverbial. This phrase is known as adverbial PHRASES. Adverbial relation sometimes is established between two nouns. At this situation, second noun-works as an adverb of first one. In this case, second noun either narrows down semantic domain of the first noun or make it definite. In ad POSITIONAL PHRASES this is the case. Sometimes there is Adverbial relation between two nouns where in second noun works as an adjective to first noun. These are adjective PHRASES.To improve the teaching of ad POSITIONAL PHRASES, teacher can either use an article between two nouns or propose a latent structure for it.For example, in the sentence: مفتاح الدار معی, some may sayLatent structure: (المفتاح الذی للدار) معیExplicit Structure: (مفتاح الدار) معیIn another example sentence: حضر الحفل رئیس جامعه some may sayLatent structure: حضر الحفل (رئیس لجامعه)Explicit Structure: حضر الحفل (رئیس لجامعه)

Verbal PHRASES constitute an important part of spoken Persian, and these are often accompanied by a pronoun, which is almost always (but not always) declined (changing from 1st person to 2nd person etc), as the subject of the verb changes. Pronominal verbal PHRASES are difficult to master, especially for foreign learners of Persian, and this is not helped by the way these verbal PHRASES are recorded in Persian dictionaries, and this is what the author has set out to investigate in this paper.He starts off by collecting some 440 specimens from four sources of Persian colloquialisms, all of which have been published in Tehran:- Farhang-e 'avām by Amīr-Qolī Amīnī, n.d.- Farhang-e logat-e 'āmīyāne by S.M.A jamālzādeh, 1341/1962.- Ketāb-e kūche, by Nunad Šāmlū, the letter Be (part 2), 1377/1998.- Farhang-e fārsī-ye 'āmīyāne, by Abol-Hasan Najafī     1378/1999The author then divides these examples into seven categories on the basis of the type of pronouns that accompany each verbal phrase, how the pronoun is used, and whether the pronoun is declined or not. This section is quite detailed and each category is illustrated with copious examples.In the latter part of the paper, the author turns his attention to the way these pronominal verbal PHRASES are recorded in Persian dictionaries, and he distinguishes three generations of lexicographers:jamālzādeh, Dehkodā,Amīr-Qolī Amīnī and ja'far Šahrī belong to the first generation; they record the verbal phrase, but the citation form is haphazard; it does not conform to any standard and does not take into consideration the different types of pronouns which are used in the verbal phrase.The second generation comprises such lexicographers as Mohammad Mo'īn, Soleymān Hayīm (in his Small Persian-English Dictionary), Sadrī-Afšār et al and last but not least Ahmad Šāmlū. In their dictionaries the author notices a conscious effort to record a correct citation form for verbal PHRASES, but he does not find these efforts totally successful. There is still room for improvement, and the author finds the perfect result in Abol-Hasan Najafī'sreference work, Farhang-e fārsī-ye 'āmīyāne. Here we have a third generation lexicographer, who has paid close attention to the question of verbal PHRASES, and as a result, his painstaking efforts have paid off and his citation forms are faultless.

This study deals with the words and PHRASES widely used in the spoken or written language of the people of a country for certain reasons for a period of time. Such wordings that can be called to have become “fashion”, gradually lose their application and change their effect with the elapse of time or even disappear from the scene of use. We call such words and PHRASES as “fashion words” and “fashion PHRASES”, respectively. The background of research on “fashion terms” in Germany dates back to the 19th Century A.D. and since then, countless books and articles have been written on this area. However, no particular research has been carried out on this topic in connection with the Persian language. Therefore, we first tried to gather a selection of the opinions of some of the German linguists in this area, and divided this title into two subtitles of “Public Fashion Words and Fashion PHRASES”. Which includes the common fashion words of the majority of a nation, and “Fashion Words and Fashion PHRASES in the Youth Language”. The present research has been limited to the first subtitle. For this purpose, i.e. to find a fairly clear cognition of the nature of the fashion words and study of their sources and judging their benefits or harms towards the language, effort has been made to benefit from the clarifying instances in Persian and German languages along with an equal comparative assessment between the two.

AfzalodinBadilebn Ali KhaqaniShavani, in addition to Divan and Khatmolghareb, has written epistles and letters (Monshaat). The importance of these epistles and letters, beside literary value of them, is that they include important information about poet life. Because of difficulty of this text, the researches about these letters is very limited and finite. The best correction of these epistles and letters is undergone by Mohammad Roushan’ efforts, in turn his correction is indebted to Minovi and Forozanfarguidance and decoding’s. In this essay, we study and survey the record of a few PHRASES of this correction. I hope this attempt is a step to go forward the attempts of that learned and noble mans.

PrePOSITIONAL PHRASES have a significant place in different syntactic theories. In Role and Reference Grammar these constituents are categorized into three classes namely Adjuncts, Argument markers and Argument-adjuncts. Adjuncts PPs offer semantic information for the sentence in which they occur. They are adverbial elements modifying the event or situation described by the predicate. Argument marking PPs mark an argument of the predicate. In this class the preposition itself does not contribute semantic information. Argument- adjunct PPs contain predicative adpositions that add to the meaning of the sentence. Also, they introduce one of the participants in the event. This paper examines different PPs in Persian based on the classification of RRG. It will be demonstrated that PPs in Persian do not always function as adjuncts, but they play as markers of arguments in ditransitive clauses or even as direct objects with some predicates. To conclude we will show that RRG accounts for prePOSITIONAL PHRASES in Persian.

Linguistic analysis and the resolution of lexical complexities are among the most critical elements in interpreting literary texts, particularly in classical Persian literature. A comprehensive understanding of the meanings and proper usage of words within a literary work significantly enhances its overall analysis. This article, based on a thesis examining the vocabulary used in Sanai Ghaznavi’s poetry, explores words and PHRASES that, despite their relative obscurity in contemporary Standard Persian, are still actively used in the Hazaragi dialect of Afghanistan. This study aims to enhance the understanding of Sanai’s poetry by identifying and interpreting the words and expressions that persist in Hazaragi. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining a literature review with fieldwork to verify the meanings and contemporary usage of these lexical items. The findings reveal that several words present in Sanai’s poetry, although no longer in common use in modern Persian, are still widely understood and utilized in Hazaragi. This research underscores the significance of the Hazaragi dialect not only as a living repository of archaic Persian but also as a crucial tool for accessing and comprehending historical literary works. Furthermore, the study illustrates how certain obscure terms in Sanai’s poetry can be elucidated through their continued use in Hazaragi. Introduction Linguistic analysis is essential for understanding classical Persian texts, particularly the poetry of Sanai Ghaznavi. Many words and PHRASES used in his poetry have faded from contemporary Standard Persian but are still in use in the Hazaragi dialect spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan. This study examines how these elements persist in Hazaragi and their role in interpreting Sanai’s poetry. Given Ghazni’s historical connection to both Sanai and the Hazaragi dialect, this analysis offers valuable insights into Persian literary heritage. The study emphasizes the significance of dialectal preservation in literary analysis and highlights Hazaragi as a repository of classical Persian vocabulary. Method This research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates literary analysis with fieldwork. It follows an observational research design to identify and interpret Sanai’s poetic vocabulary in Hazaragi. Selected poems from Sanai’s Divan were analyzed to extract words and PHRASES that are obsolete in Standard Persian but still in use in Hazaragi. Data collection included interviews with native Hazaragi speakers from diverse backgrounds to verify the meanings and usage of these words. Additionally, secondary sources, such as Persian linguistic dictionaries and studies on regional dialects, were consulted. Ethical considerations were strictly observed, ensuring participant anonymity and informed consent. Results Findings indicate that many words and expressions from Sanai’s poetry, although largely forgotten in modern Persian, remain actively used in Hazaragi. These linguistic elements can be categorized into four groups: (1) words preserved without alteration, (2) words with slight phonetic changes, (3) words with minor semantic shifts, and (4) structurally evolved compound expressions. Conclusion This research establishes Hazaragi as a crucial linguistic resource for interpreting classical Persian poetry, particularly the works of Sanai. The preservation of archaic words in Hazaragi highlights its significance as both a living dialect and a valuable tool for literary research. The findings suggest that incorporating dialectal studies into Persian literary analysis can enhance textual interpretation. Further research on other regional dialects could provide additional insights into Persian literary heritage. This study reinforces the importance of preserving regional dialects as cultural assets that maintain historical linguistic continuity.